# KuaiRand: An Unbiased Sequential Recommendation Dataset with Randomly Exposed Videos [![LICENSE](https://img.shields.io/badge/license-CC%20BY--SA%204.0-green)](https://github.com/chongminggao/KuaiRand/blob/main/LICENSE) [![DOI](https://zenodo.org/badge/DOI/10.1145/3511808.3557624.svg)](https://doi.org/10.1145/3511808.3557624) *KuaiRand* is an unbiased sequential recommendation dataset collected from the recommendation logs of the video-sharing mobile app, [Kuaishou (快手)](https://www.kuaishou.com/cn). **It is the first recommendation dataset with millions of intervened interactions of randomly exposed items inserted in the standard recommendation feeds!** Other related **open-sourced** datasets are **[KuaiRec](https://kuairec.com/)** and **[KuaiSAR](https://kuaisar.github.io/)**. ## Overview: The following figure gives an example of the dataset. It illustrates a user interaction sequence along with the user's rich feedback signals. These feedback signals are collected from the two main user interfaces (UI) in the Kuaishou APP shown as follows: In the random exposure stage, each recommended video in the dataset has an equal probability of being replaced by a random video sampled from an item pool. About $0.37\%$ Interactions are replaced in the final results. #### Advantages: Compared with other datasets with random exposure, KuaiRand has the following advantages: - ✅ It is the first sequential recommendation dataset with millions of intervened interactions of randomly exposed items inserted in the standard recommendation feeds. - ✅ It has the most comprehensive side information including explicit user IDs, interaction timestamps, and rich features for users and items. - ✅ It has 15 policies with each catered for a special recommendation scenario in the Kuaishou App. - ✅ We introduce 12 feedback signals (e.g., click, like, and view time) for each interaction to describe the user's comprehensive feedback. - ✅ Each user has thousands of historical interactions on average. - ✅ It has three versions to support various research directions in recommendation. If you find it helpful, please cite our paper: [![LINK](https://img.shields.io/badge/-Paper%20Link-lightgrey)](https://arxiv.org/abs/2208.08696) [![PDF](https://img.shields.io/badge/-PDF-red)](https://arxiv.org/pdf/2208.08696.pdf) ``` @inproceedings{gao2022kuairand, title = {KuaiRand: An Unbiased Sequential Recommendation Dataset with Randomly Exposed Videos}, author = {Gao, Chongming and Li, Shijun and Zhang, Yuan and Chen, Jiawei and Li, Biao and Lei, Wenqiang and Jiang, Peng and He, Xiangnan}, url = {https://doi.org/10.1145/3511808.3557624}, doi = {10.1145/3511808.3557624}, booktitle = {Proceedings of the 31st ACM International Conference on Information and Knowledge Management}, series = {CIKM '22}, location = {Atlanta, GA, USA}, numpages = {5}, year = {2022}, pages = {3953–3957} } ``` ---- ## Download the data: KuaiRand has been shared at [https://zenodo.org/records/10439422](https://zenodo.org/records/10439422). **OPTION 1. Download via your browser:** You can download the dataset from the [zenodo site](https://zenodo.org/records/10439422), or this [Chinese site](https://rec.ustc.edu.cn/share/7f5a44c0-c196-11ed-b626-81cd6a642112). **OPTION 2: Download via the 'wget' command tool:** For the **KuaiRand-Pure** dataset: ```shell wget https://zenodo.org/records/10439422/files/KuaiRand-Pure.tar.gz # (md5:0820331067a3784d9691136f772b35a7) tar -xzvf KuaiRand-Pure.tar.gz ``` For the **KuaiRand-1K** dataset: ```shell wget https://zenodo.org/records/10439422/files/KuaiRand-1K.tar.gz # (md5:6b0b9c8222d67fcd4c676218edca3f1f) tar -xzvf KuaiRand-1K.tar.gz ``` For the **KuaiRand-27K** dataset: ```shell wget https://zenodo.org/records/10439422/files/KuaiRand-27K.tar.gz # (md5:3e3c799a24e2d23a4d2c757fbf9adf59) tar -xzvf KuaiRand-27K.tar.gz ``` **Attention:** We further provide two supplementary files that enrich the KuaiRand dataset with **video-level content-side semantic information**, namely `kuairand_video_categories.csv` and `kuairand_video_captions.csv`. Detailed descriptions and download links for these two files are provided [here](https://github.com/chongminggao/KuaiRand/blob/f8dbf6678b3c9594050e3e813aeff0c942260ec4/.). --- ## Three Versions and Suggestions: We release three versions of KuaiRand for different uses: - **KuaiRand-27K (23GB logs +23GB features):** the complete KuaiRand dataset that has over 27K users and 32 million videos. - **KuaiRand-1K (829MB logs + 3.5GB features):** randomly sample 1,000 users from *KuaiRand-27K*, then remove all irrelevant videos. There are 4 million videos rest. - **KuaiRand-Pure (184MB logs + 10MB features):** only keeps the logs for the 7583 videos in the candidate pool. The *user_id* and *video_id* are re-indexed. A visualization of their ID spaces is shown as follows. ##### The basic statistics of the three versions are summarized as follows: | Dataset | Collection Policy | #Users | #Items | #Interactions | #User features | #Item features | Feedback | Timestamp | | ---------------- | :----------------: | :----: | :--------: | :-----------: | :--------------: | :--------------: | :-------------: | :---------: | | **KuaiRand-27K** | 15 policies | 27,285 | 32,038,725 | 322,278,385 | 30 | 62 | 12 signals | ✔️ | | | Random policy | 27,285 | 7,583 | 1,186,059 | 30 | 62 | 12 signals | ✔️ | | **KuaiRand-1K** | 15 policies | 1,000 | 4,369,953 | 11,713,045 | 30 | 62 | 12 signals | ✔️ | | | Random policy | 1,000 | 7,388 | 43,028 | 30 | 62 | 12 signals | ✔️ | | **KuaiRand-Pure** | 15 policies | 27,285 | 7,551 | 1,436,609 | 30 | 62 | 12 signals | ✔️ | | | Random policy | 27,285 | 7,583 | 1,186,059 | 30 | 62 | 12 signals | ✔️ | ### Which version should I use? - ##### Reasons to use *KuaiRand-27K* or *KuaiRand-1K*: - Your research needs rigorous sequential logs, such as off-policy evaluation (OPE), Reinforcement learning (RL), or long sequential recommendation. - ##### Reasons to use *KuaiRand-Pure*: - The sequential information is not necessary for your research OR If you are OK with the incomplete sequential logs. For example, if you are studying debiasing in collaborative filtering models or multi-task modeling in recommendation. - If your model can only run with small-size data. --- ## Data Descriptions The file structure of the three datasets is listed as follows: ##### KuaiRand-27K (46GB) ```shell KuaiRand-27K ├── data (46GB) │   ├── log_random_4_22_to_5_08_27k.csv (83MB) │   ├── log_standard_4_08_to_4_21_27k_part1.csv (4.8GB) │   ├── log_standard_4_08_to_4_21_27k_part2.csv (4.8GB) │   ├── log_standard_4_22_to_5_08_27k_part1.csv (6.6GB) │   ├── log_standard_4_22_to_5_08_27k_part2.csv (6.6GB) │   ├── user_features_27k.csv (3.4MB) │   ├── video_features_basic_27k.csv (2.6GB) │   ├── video_features_statistic_27k_part1.csv (6.7GB) │   ├── video_features_statistic_27k_part2.csv (6.7GB) │   └── video_features_statistic_27k_part3.csv (6.7GB) └── load_data_27k.py ``` ##### KuaiRand-1K (4.3GB) ```shell KuaiRand-1K ├── data (4.3GB) │   ├── log_random_4_22_to_5_08_1k.csv (2.9MB) │   ├── log_standard_4_08_to_4_21_1k.csv (368MB) │   ├── log_standard_4_22_to_5_08_1k.csv (481MB) │   ├── user_features_1k.csv (132KB) │   ├── video_features_basic_1k.csv (368MB) │   └── video_features_statistic_1k.csv (3.1GB) └── load_data_1k.py ``` ##### KuaiRand-Pure (194MB) ```shell KuaiRand-Pure ├── data (194MB) │   ├── log_random_4_22_to_5_08_pure.csv (83MB) │   ├── log_standard_4_08_to_4_21_pure.csv (80MB) │   ├── log_standard_4_22_to_5_08_pure.csv (21MB) │   ├── user_features_pure.csv (3.4MB) │   ├── video_features_basic_pure.csv (612KB) │   └── video_features_statistic_pure.csv (6.3MB) └── load_data_pure.py ``` --- #### 1️⃣ Description of the fields in `log_xxx.csv` There are three log files: - `log_random_4_22_to_5_08.csv` contains all interactions resulting from random intervention. - `log_standard_4_22_to_5_08.csv` contains all interactions of standard recommendation. - `log_standard_4_08_to_4_21.csv` contains all interactions of standard recommendation for the same users in the previous two weeks (2022.04.08 ~ 2022.04.21). | Field Name: | Description | Type | Example | | ----------------- | ------------------------------------------------------------ | ------- | --------- | | user_id | The ID of the video. | int64 | 17387| | video_id | The ID of the video. | int64 | 1123453| | date | The date of this interaction | int64 | 20220421| | hourmin | The time of this interaction (format: HHSS). | int64 | 400| | time_ms | The timestamp of this interaction in milliseconds. | int64 |1650485801301| | is_click | A binary feedback signal. In the two-column UI, it indicates a click; In the single-column UI, it means *valid_play*: which equals 1 when: `play_time_ms >= duration_ms if duration_ms <= 7,000 ms`, or `play_time_ms > 7,000 ms if duration_ms > 7,000 ms`. | int64 | 1 | | is_like | A binary feedback signal indicating the user hit the `like` button. | int64 | 0| | is_follow | A binary feedback signal indicating the user hit the `follow the author` button. | int64 | 0| | is_comment | A binary feedback signal indicating the user wrote a comment in the comments section of this video | int64 | 0| | is_forward | A binary feedback signal indicating the user forwarded this video. | int64 | 0| | is_hate | A binary feedback signal indicating the user hated this video. | int64 | 0| | long_view | A binary feedback signal. It equals 1 when: `play_time_ms >= duration_ms if duration_ms <= 18,000 ms`, or `play_time_ms >=18,000 ms if duration_ms > 18,000 ms`. | int64 | 1| | play_time_ms | The user's view time in milliseconds. | int64 | 151024| | duration_ms | The video's duration time in milliseconds. | int64 | 104400| | profile_stay_time | The time that the user stayed in this author's profile. | int64 | 0| | comment_stay_time | The time that the user stayed in the comments section of this video | int64 | 0| | is_profile_enter | A binary feedback signal indicating the user enters the author profile | int64 | 0| | is_rand | A binary signal indicating if this video is generated by the random intervention (i.e., a random exposed video). | int64 | 0| | tab | indicating the scenario of this interaction, e.g., in the recommendation page or the main page of the App. In the range of [0,14]. | int64 | 1| --- #### 2️⃣ Descriptions of the fields in `user_features.csv` | Field Name: | Description | Type | Example | | ------------------------ | -------------------------------------------------------- | ------- | ------------------------- | | user_id | The ID of the user. | int64 | 25621 | | user_active_degree | In the set of {'high_active', 'full_active', 'middle_active', 'UNKNOWN'}. | str | "full_active" | | is_lowactive_period | Is this user in its low active period | int64 | 0 | | is_live_streamer | Is this user a live streamer？ | int64 | 0 | | is_video_author | Has this user uploaded any video？ | int64 | 1 | | follow_user_num | The number of users that this user follows. | int64 | 5 | | follow_user_num_range | The range of the number of users that this user follows. In the set of {'0', '(0,10]', '(10,50]', '(100,150]', '(150,250]', '(250,500]', '(50,100]', '500+'} | str | "(0,10]" | | fans_user_num | The number of the fans of this user. | int64 | 312 | | fans_user_num_range | The range of the number of fans of this user. In the set of {'0', '[1,10)', '[10,100)', '[100,1k)', '[1k,5k)', '[5k,1w)', '[1w,10w)'} | str | "[100,1k)" | | friend_user_num | The number of friends that this user has. | int64 | 0 | | friend_user_num_range | The range of the number of friends that this user has. In the set of {'0', '[1,5)', '[5,30)', '[30,60)', '[60,120)', '[120,250)', '250+'} | str | "0" | | register_days | The days since this user has registered. | int64 | 3624 | | register_days_range | The range of the registered days. In the set of {'15-30', '31-60', '61-90', '91-180', '181-365', '366-730', '730+'}. | str | "730+" | | onehot_feat0 | An encrypted feature of the user. Each value indicates the position of "1" in the one-hot vector. Range: {0,1} | int64 | 1 | | onehot_feat1 | An encrypted feature. Range: {0, 1, ..., 6} | int64 | 2 | | onehot_feat2 | An encrypted feature. Range: {0, 1, ..., 49} | int64 | 2 | | onehot_feat3 | An encrypted feature. Range: {0, 1, ..., 1470} | int64 | 1153 | | onehot_feat4 | An encrypted feature. Range: {0, 1, ..., 14} | int64 | 4 | | onehot_feat5 | An encrypted feature. Range: {0, 1, ..., 33} | int64 | 0 | | onehot_feat6 | An encrypted feature. Range: {0, 1, 2} | int64 | 0 | | onehot_feat7 | An encrypted feature. Range: {0, 1, ..., 117} | int64 | 31 | | onehot_feat8 | An encrypted feature. Range: {0, 1, ..., 453} | int64 | 354 | | onehot_feat9 | An encrypted feature. Range: {0, 1, ..., 6} | int64 | 3 | | onehot_feat10 | An encrypted feature. Range: {0, 1, ..., 4} | int64 | 3 | | onehot_feat11 | An encrypted feature. Range: {0, 1, ..., 4} | int64 | 2 | | onehot_feat12 | An encrypted feature. Range: {0, 1} | int64 | 1 | | onehot_feat13 | An encrypted feature. Range: {0, 1} | int64 | 0 | | onehot_feat14 | An encrypted feature. Range: {0, 1} | int64 | 0 | | onehot_feat15 | An encrypted feature. Range: {0, 1} | int64 | 0 | | onehot_feat16 | An encrypted feature. Range: {0, 1} | int64 | 0 | | onehot_feat17 | An encrypted feature. Range: {0, 1} | int64 | 0 | --- #### 3️⃣ Descriptions of the fields in `video_features_basic.csv` | Field Name: | Description | Type | Example | | -------------- | ------------------------------------------------------------ | ----- | ------------- | | video_id | The ID of the video. | int64 | 3784 | | author_id | The ID of the author of this video. In the range of [0, 8839734] | int64 | 441 | | video_type | Type of this video (NORMAL or AD). | str | "NORMAL" | | upload_dt | Upload date of this video. | str | "2020-07-08" | | upload_type | The upload type of this video. | str | "ShortImport" | | visible_status | The visible state of this video on the APP now. | int | 1 | | video_duration | The time duration of this duration (in milliseconds). | Int64 | 17200.0 | | server_width | The width of this video on the server. | int64 | 720 | | server_height | The height of this video on the server. | int64 | 1280 | | music_id | Background music ID of this video. | int64 | 989206467 | | music_type | Background music type of this video. | int64 | 4 | | tag | A list of key categories (labels) of this video. | str | "12,65" | --- #### 4️⃣ Descriptions of the fields in `video_features_statistic.csv` ‼️ Different from the basic features, the statistical features are the average statistics of the video each day over one month. For example, in the following table, video 9288071 has 66 counts over this one month (a video can have multiple counts each day on different scenarios, e.g., on April 8, `show_cnt`=80 on the main page and `show_cnt`=65 on the recommendation page of the App) | Field Name: | Description | Type | Example | | ------------------------ | ------------------------------------------------------------ | ------- | --------- | | video_id | The ID of the video. | int64 | 9288071 | | counts | The number of statistics. | int64 | 66 | | show_cnt | The number of shows of this video **(averaged on each day and each scenario over one month. This applies to all the following fields)** | float64 | 75.212 | | show_user_num | The number of users who received the recommendation of this video. | float64 | 66.985 | | play_cnt | The number of plays. | float64 | 9.409 | | play_user_num | The number of users who play this video. | float64 | 8.121 | | play_duration | The total time duration of playing this video (in milliseconds). | float64 | 93700.333 | | complete_play_cnt | The number of complete plays. *complete play*: finishing playing the whole video, i.e., `#(play_duration >= video_duration)`. | float64 | 0.182 | | complete_play_user_num | The number of users who perform the *complete play*. | float64 | 0.182 | | valid_play_cnt | *valid play*: `play_duration >= video_duration if video_duration <= 7s`, or `play_duration > 7 if video_duration > 7s`. | float64 | 3.545 | | valid_play_user_num | The number of users who perform the *complete play*. | float64 | 3.136 | | long_time_play_cnt | *long time play*: `play_duration >= video_duration if video_duration <= 18s`, or `play_duration >=18 if video_duration > 18s`. | float64 | 1.909 | | long_time_play_user_num | The number of users who perform the *long time play*. | float64 | 1.848 | | short_time_play_cnt | *short time play*: `play_duration < min(3s, video_duration)`. | float64 | 5.015 | | short_time_play_user_num | The number of users who perform the *short time play*. | float64 | 4.545 | | play_progress | The average video playing ratio (`=play_duration/video_duration`) | float64 | 0.016 | | comment_stay_duration | Total time of staying in the comments section | float64 | 2302.712 | | like_cnt | Total likes | float64 | 0.303 | | like_user_num | The number of users who hit the "like" button. | float64 | 0.303 | | click_like_cnt | The number of the "like" resulted from double click | float64 | 0.030 | | double_click_cnt | The number of users who double-click the video. | float64 | 0.273 | | cancel_like_cnt | The number of likes that are canceled by users. | float64 | 0.485 | | cancel_like_user_num | The number of users who cancel their likes. | float64 | 0.485 | | comment_cnt | The number of comments within this day. | float64 | 0.015 | | comment_user_num | The number of users who comment on this video. | float64 | 0.015 | | direct_comment_cnt | The number of direct comments (depth=1). | float64 | 0.015 | | reply_comment_cnt | The number of reply comments (depth>1). | float64 | 0.000 | | delete_comment_cnt | The number of deleted comments. | float64 | 0.015 | | delete_comment_user_num | The number of users who delete their comments. | float64 | 0.015 | | comment_like_cnt | The number of comment likes. | float64 | 0.000 | | comment_like_user_num | The number of users who like the comments. | float64 | 0.000 | | follow_cnt | The number of increased follows from this video. | float64 | 0.000 | | follow_user_num | The number of users who follow the author of this video due to this video. | float64 | 0.000 | | cancel_follow_cnt | The number of decreased follows from this video. | float64 | 0.000 | | cancel_follow_user_num | The number of users who cancel their following of the author of this video due to this video. | float64 | 0.000 | | share_cnt | The times of successfully sharing this video. | float64 | 0.000 | | share_user_num | The number of users who succeed to share this video. | float64 | 0.000 | | download_cnt | The times of downloading this video. | float64 | 0.030 | | download_user_num | The number of users who download this video. | float64 | 0.030 | | report_cnt | The times of reporting this video. | float64 | 0.000 | | report_user_num | The number of users who report this video. | float64 | 0.000 | | reduce_similar_cnt | The times of reducing similar content of this video. | float64 | 0.015 | | reduce_similar_user_num | The number of users who choose to reduce similar content of this video. | float64 | 0.015 | | collect_cnt | The times of adding this video to favorite videos. | float64 | 0.061 | | collect_user_num | The number of users who add this video to their favorite videos. | float64 | 0.061 | | cancel_collect_cnt | The times of removing this video from favorite videos. | float64 | 0.091 | | cancel_collect_user_num | The number of users who remove this video from their favorite videos | float64 | 0.091 | | direct_comment_user_num | The number of users who write comments directly under this video (level=1). | float64 | 0.015 | | reply_comment_user_num | The number of users who reply the existing comments (level>1). | float64 | 0.000 | | share_all_cnt | The times of sharing this video (no need to be successful). | float64 | 0.015 | | share_all_user_num | The number of users who share this video (no need to be successful). | float64 | 0.015 | | outsite_share_all_cnt | The times of sharing this video outside Kuaishou App. | float64 | 0.000 | --- ## Additional Video-Level Metadata (Supplementary Files) We further provide two supplementary files that enrich KuaiRand with **content-side semantic information** at the video level. These files can be joined with the main dataset using `final_video_id`. Two files: `kuairand_video_captions.csv` and `kuairand_video_categories.csv` are available via [https://zenodo.org/records/18159199](https://zenodo.org/records/18159199) or you can just download via the **'wget' command tool:** 1. `kuairand_video_captions.csv`: ```shell wget https://zenodo.org/records/18159199/files/kuairand_video_captions.csv # (md5:9fd4e7587ffd0c8dc289d013858fb229) ``` 2. `kuairand_video_categories.csv`: ```shell wget https://zenodo.org/records/18159199/files/kuairand_video_categories.csv # (md5:8a4c772d3d8f8cf65fa1e1eb896f4177) ``` ### 📄 Descriptions of the fields in `kuairand_video_captions.csv` | Field Name: | Description | Type | Example | | ----------------- | --------------------------------------------------------------------------- | ------- | ------- | | final_video_id | The re-indexed ID of the video, consistent with KuaiRand. | int64 | 6 | | caption | The main caption text of the video, including hashtags and mentions. | str | `#王者荣耀妲己秀 #游戏凡星计划 刺客法爆流妲己教程在下方小黄车哟！` | | show_cover_text | Text displayed on the video cover (may be empty). | str | `妲己打亚瑟 就怕他六分投` | | duration | Video duration in milliseconds. | float64 | 114500.0 | This file provides **textual and semantic content information** of videos, which can be used for multimodal recommendation, text-aware modeling, and content understanding tasks. --- ### 📄 Descriptions of the fields in `kuairand_video_categories.csv` | Field Name: | Description | Type | Example | | ----------------------------- | --------------------------------------------------------------------------- | ------- | ------- | | final_video_id | The re-indexed ID of the video, consistent with KuaiRand. | int64 | 3 | | first_level_category_id | ID of the first-level (top) category. | float64 | 7.0 | | first_level_category_name | Name of the first-level category. | str | `运动` | | first_level_category_prob | Prediction probability of the first-level category. | float64 | 0.9996 | | second_level_category_id | ID of the second-level category. | float64 | 126.0 | | second_level_category_name | Name of the second-level category. | str | `球类运动` | | second_level_category_prob | Prediction probability of the second-level category. | float64 | 1.0 | | third_level_category_id | ID of the third-level category (if available). | float64 | 1056.0 | | third_level_category_name | Name of the third-level category. | str | `篮球` | | third_level_category_prob | Prediction probability of the third-level category. | float64 | 1.0 | | fourth_level_category_id | ID of the fourth-level category (if available). | float64 | -124.0 | | fourth_level_category_name | Name of the fourth-level category (`UNKNOWN` if unavailable). | str | `UNKNOWN` | | fourth_level_category_prob | Prediction probability of the fourth-level category. | float64 | 0.0 | The category system is **hierarchical (up to four levels)**. If a category level is unavailable, its ID is set to `-124` and the name to `UNKNOWN`. This file enables research on **category-aware recommendation**, **hierarchical classification**, and **content taxonomy modeling**. --- --- 资料：chongminggao / chongminggao/KuaiRand 原始版本：https://github.com/chongminggao/KuaiRand/blob/f8dbf6678b3c9594050e3e813aeff0c942260ec4/README.md 许可：CC BY-SA 4.0。目录与内部链接已经整理，未收录图片已省略。 Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International ======================================================================= Creative Commons Corporation ("Creative Commons") is not a law firm and does not provide legal services or legal advice. Distribution of Creative Commons public licenses does not create a lawyer-client or other relationship. Creative Commons makes its licenses and related information available on an "as-is" basis. Creative Commons gives no warranties regarding its licenses, any material licensed under their terms and conditions, or any related information. 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Adapter's License means the license You apply to Your Copyright and Similar Rights in Your contributions to Adapted Material in accordance with the terms and conditions of this Public License. c. BY-SA Compatible License means a license listed at creativecommons.org/compatiblelicenses, approved by Creative Commons as essentially the equivalent of this Public License. d. Copyright and Similar Rights means copyright and/or similar rights closely related to copyright including, without limitation, performance, broadcast, sound recording, and Sui Generis Database Rights, without regard to how the rights are labeled or categorized. For purposes of this Public License, the rights specified in Section 2(b)(1)-(2) are not Copyright and Similar Rights. e. Effective Technological Measures means those measures that, in the absence of proper authority, may not be circumvented under laws fulfilling obligations under Article 11 of the WIPO Copyright Treaty adopted on December 20, 1996, and/or similar international agreements. f. Exceptions and Limitations means fair use, fair dealing, and/or any other exception or limitation to Copyright and Similar Rights that applies to Your use of the Licensed Material. g. License Elements means the license attributes listed in the name of a Creative Commons Public License. The License Elements of this Public License are Attribution and ShareAlike. h. Licensed Material means the artistic or literary work, database, or other material to which the Licensor applied this Public License. i. Licensed Rights means the rights granted to You subject to the terms and conditions of this Public License, which are limited to all Copyright and Similar Rights that apply to Your use of the Licensed Material and that the Licensor has authority to license. j. Licensor means the individual(s) or entity(ies) granting rights under this Public License. k. Share means to provide material to the public by any means or process that requires permission under the Licensed Rights, such as reproduction, public display, public performance, distribution, dissemination, communication, or importation, and to make material available to the public including in ways that members of the public may access the material from a place and at a time individually chosen by them. l. Sui Generis Database Rights means rights other than copyright resulting from Directive 96/9/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 11 March 1996 on the legal protection of databases, as amended and/or succeeded, as well as other essentially equivalent rights anywhere in the world. m. You means the individual or entity exercising the Licensed Rights under this Public License. Your has a corresponding meaning. Section 2 -- Scope. a. License grant. 1. Subject to the terms and conditions of this Public License, the Licensor hereby grants You a worldwide, royalty-free, non-sublicensable, non-exclusive, irrevocable license to exercise the Licensed Rights in the Licensed Material to: a. reproduce and Share the Licensed Material, in whole or in part; and b. produce, reproduce, and Share Adapted Material. 2. Exceptions and Limitations. For the avoidance of doubt, where Exceptions and Limitations apply to Your use, this Public License does not apply, and You do not need to comply with its terms and conditions. 3. Term. The term of this Public License is specified in Section 6(a). 4. Media and formats; technical modifications allowed. The Licensor authorizes You to exercise the Licensed Rights in all media and formats whether now known or hereafter created, and to make technical modifications necessary to do so. The Licensor waives and/or agrees not to assert any right or authority to forbid You from making technical modifications necessary to exercise the Licensed Rights, including technical modifications necessary to circumvent Effective Technological Measures. For purposes of this Public License, simply making modifications authorized by this Section 2(a) (4) never produces Adapted Material. 5. Downstream recipients. a. Offer from the Licensor -- Licensed Material. Every recipient of the Licensed Material automatically receives an offer from the Licensor to exercise the Licensed Rights under the terms and conditions of this Public License. b. Additional offer from the Licensor -- Adapted Material. Every recipient of Adapted Material from You automatically receives an offer from the Licensor to exercise the Licensed Rights in the Adapted Material under the conditions of the Adapter's License You apply. c. No downstream restrictions. You may not offer or impose any additional or different terms or conditions on, or apply any Effective Technological Measures to, the Licensed Material if doing so restricts exercise of the Licensed Rights by any recipient of the Licensed Material. 6. No endorsement. Nothing in this Public License constitutes or may be construed as permission to assert or imply that You are, or that Your use of the Licensed Material is, connected with, or sponsored, endorsed, or granted official status by, the Licensor or others designated to receive attribution as provided in Section 3(a)(1)(A)(i). b. Other rights. 1. Moral rights, such as the right of integrity, are not licensed under this Public License, nor are publicity, privacy, and/or other similar personality rights; however, to the extent possible, the Licensor waives and/or agrees not to assert any such rights held by the Licensor to the limited extent necessary to allow You to exercise the Licensed Rights, but not otherwise. 2. Patent and trademark rights are not licensed under this Public License. 3. To the extent possible, the Licensor waives any right to collect royalties from You for the exercise of the Licensed Rights, whether directly or through a collecting society under any voluntary or waivable statutory or compulsory licensing scheme. In all other cases the Licensor expressly reserves any right to collect such royalties. Section 3 -- License Conditions. Your exercise of the Licensed Rights is expressly made subject to the following conditions. a. Attribution. 1. If You Share the Licensed Material (including in modified form), You must: a. retain the following if it is supplied by the Licensor with the Licensed Material: i. identification of the creator(s) of the Licensed Material and any others designated to receive attribution, in any reasonable manner requested by the Licensor (including by pseudonym if designated); ii. a copyright notice; iii. a notice that refers to this Public License; iv. a notice that refers to the disclaimer of warranties; v. a URI or hyperlink to the Licensed Material to the extent reasonably practicable; b. indicate if You modified the Licensed Material and retain an indication of any previous modifications; and c. indicate the Licensed Material is licensed under this Public License, and include the text of, or the URI or hyperlink to, this Public License. 2. You may satisfy the conditions in Section 3(a)(1) in any reasonable manner based on the medium, means, and context in which You Share the Licensed Material. For example, it may be reasonable to satisfy the conditions by providing a URI or hyperlink to a resource that includes the required information. 3. If requested by the Licensor, You must remove any of the information required by Section 3(a)(1)(A) to the extent reasonably practicable. b. ShareAlike. In addition to the conditions in Section 3(a), if You Share Adapted Material You produce, the following conditions also apply. 1. The Adapter's License You apply must be a Creative Commons license with the same License Elements, this version or later, or a BY-SA Compatible License. 2. You must include the text of, or the URI or hyperlink to, the Adapter's License You apply. You may satisfy this condition in any reasonable manner based on the medium, means, and context in which You Share Adapted Material. 3. You may not offer or impose any additional or different terms or conditions on, or apply any Effective Technological Measures to, Adapted Material that restrict exercise of the rights granted under the Adapter's License You apply. Section 4 -- Sui Generis Database Rights. Where the Licensed Rights include Sui Generis Database Rights that apply to Your use of the Licensed Material: a. for the avoidance of doubt, Section 2(a)(1) grants You the right to extract, reuse, reproduce, and Share all or a substantial portion of the contents of the database; b. if You include all or a substantial portion of the database contents in a database in which You have Sui Generis Database Rights, then the database in which You have Sui Generis Database Rights (but not its individual contents) is Adapted Material, including for purposes of Section 3(b); and c. You must comply with the conditions in Section 3(a) if You Share all or a substantial portion of the contents of the database. For the avoidance of doubt, this Section 4 supplements and does not replace Your obligations under this Public License where the Licensed Rights include other Copyright and Similar Rights. Section 5 -- Disclaimer of Warranties and Limitation of Liability. a. UNLESS OTHERWISE SEPARATELY UNDERTAKEN BY THE LICENSOR, TO THE EXTENT POSSIBLE, THE LICENSOR OFFERS THE LICENSED MATERIAL AS-IS AND AS-AVAILABLE, AND MAKES NO REPRESENTATIONS OR WARRANTIES OF ANY KIND CONCERNING THE LICENSED MATERIAL, WHETHER EXPRESS, IMPLIED, STATUTORY, OR OTHER. THIS INCLUDES, WITHOUT LIMITATION, WARRANTIES OF TITLE, MERCHANTABILITY, FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE, NON-INFRINGEMENT, ABSENCE OF LATENT OR OTHER DEFECTS, ACCURACY, OR THE PRESENCE OR ABSENCE OF ERRORS, WHETHER OR NOT KNOWN OR DISCOVERABLE. WHERE DISCLAIMERS OF WARRANTIES ARE NOT ALLOWED IN FULL OR IN PART, THIS DISCLAIMER MAY NOT APPLY TO YOU. b. TO THE EXTENT POSSIBLE, IN NO EVENT WILL THE LICENSOR BE LIABLE TO YOU ON ANY LEGAL THEORY (INCLUDING, WITHOUT LIMITATION, NEGLIGENCE) OR OTHERWISE FOR ANY DIRECT, SPECIAL, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, CONSEQUENTIAL, PUNITIVE, EXEMPLARY, OR OTHER LOSSES, COSTS, EXPENSES, OR DAMAGES ARISING OUT OF THIS PUBLIC LICENSE OR USE OF THE LICENSED MATERIAL, EVEN IF THE LICENSOR HAS BEEN ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH LOSSES, COSTS, EXPENSES, OR DAMAGES. WHERE A LIMITATION OF LIABILITY IS NOT ALLOWED IN FULL OR IN PART, THIS LIMITATION MAY NOT APPLY TO YOU. c. The disclaimer of warranties and limitation of liability provided above shall be interpreted in a manner that, to the extent possible, most closely approximates an absolute disclaimer and waiver of all liability. Section 6 -- Term and Termination. a. This Public License applies for the term of the Copyright and Similar Rights licensed here. However, if You fail to comply with this Public License, then Your rights under this Public License terminate automatically. b. Where Your right to use the Licensed Material has terminated under Section 6(a), it reinstates: 1. automatically as of the date the violation is cured, provided it is cured within 30 days of Your discovery of the violation; or 2. upon express reinstatement by the Licensor. For the avoidance of doubt, this Section 6(b) does not affect any right the Licensor may have to seek remedies for Your violations of this Public License. c. For the avoidance of doubt, the Licensor may also offer the Licensed Material under separate terms or conditions or stop distributing the Licensed Material at any time; however, doing so will not terminate this Public License. d. Sections 1, 5, 6, 7, and 8 survive termination of this Public License. Section 7 -- Other Terms and Conditions. a. The Licensor shall not be bound by any additional or different terms or conditions communicated by You unless expressly agreed. b. Any arrangements, understandings, or agreements regarding the Licensed Material not stated herein are separate from and independent of the terms and conditions of this Public License. Section 8 -- Interpretation. a. For the avoidance of doubt, this Public License does not, and shall not be interpreted to, reduce, limit, restrict, or impose conditions on any use of the Licensed Material that could lawfully be made without permission under this Public License. b. To the extent possible, if any provision of this Public License is deemed unenforceable, it shall be automatically reformed to the minimum extent necessary to make it enforceable. If the provision cannot be reformed, it shall be severed from this Public License without affecting the enforceability of the remaining terms and conditions. c. No term or condition of this Public License will be waived and no failure to comply consented to unless expressly agreed to by the Licensor. d. Nothing in this Public License constitutes or may be interpreted as a limitation upon, or waiver of, any privileges and immunities that apply to the Licensor or You, including from the legal processes of any jurisdiction or authority. ======================================================================= Creative Commons is not a party to its public licenses. Notwithstanding, Creative Commons may elect to apply one of its public licenses to material it publishes and in those instances will be considered the “Licensor.” The text of the Creative Commons public licenses is dedicated to the public domain under the CC0 Public Domain Dedication. 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